Referral to emergency
If any of the following are present or suspected, please refer the patient to the emergency department (via ambulance if necessary) or seek emergent medical advice if in a remote region.
- pathological fractures with a suspicion of underlying malignancy
- fracture with hypercalcaemia (serum calcium greater than 2.80 mmol/l)
For clinical advice, please telephone the relevant specialty service.
Central Adelaide Local Health Network
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (08) 7074 0000
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (08) 8222 6000
Northern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Lyell McEwin Hospital
(08) 8182 9000
Southern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Flinders Medical Centre (08) 8204 5511
Exclusions
- age-appropriate osteopenia without fracture/s
- clinically stable hypothyroidism
- metabolic bone disease when the person’s life expectancy is less than 6 months
- osteopaenia without fracture or complications
- osteoporosis on bone mineral density (BMD) without fracture
- osteoporosis without first-line management
- postmenopausal osteoporosis where:
- treatment has not been initiated and no explanation for not initiating treatment has been provided, or
- treatment has been initiated, but treatment response has not been assessed with repeat bone density and there is no other concern raised
- renal bone disease – refer to nephrology
Triage categories
Category 1 - appointment clinically indicated within 30 days
- BMD z-score less than -2.0
- progressive deformity
- recurrent/current fracture/s despite first-line management
- severe bone pain
Category 2 — appointment clinically indicated within 90 days
- fibrous dysplasia
- long term glucocorticoids with BMD T-score less than -1.5
- in individuals in where contraindications/concerns regarding conventional treatment exists
- low trauma fracture where contraindications/concerns regarding conventional treatment exists
- osteomalacia
- osteoporosis where pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS) thresholds are not met e.g. inflammatory bowel disease
- Paget’s disease
- post-transplant osteoporosis (BMD T-score less than -2.5)
- and/or fracturing and/or using glucocorticoids
Category 3 — appointment clinically indicated within 365 days
- other (suspected) metabolic bone disease e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta
Essential referral information
Completion required before first appointment to ensure patients are ready for care. Please indicate in the referral if the patient is unable to access mandatory tests or investigations as they incur a cost or are unavailable locally.
- past medical/surgical history, including fractures, alcohol history, diarrhoea and iron deficiency
- family history
- current medications and dosages, including supplements, glucocorticoid therapy, previous and current anti-resorptive therapies
- use/frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
- allergies and sensitivities
- onset, duration, and progression of symptoms
- management history including treatments trialled/implemented prior to referral
- physical examination:
- menopausal status including early menopause
- male hypogonadism
- height/weight
- body mass index (BMI)
- Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) score
- bone mineral density (BMD) scan including z-score
- relevant plain X-rays (lateral X-ray thoracic and lumbar spine)
Pathology
- complete blood examination (CBE)
- urea, electrolyte, and creatinine (UEC)
- liver function test (LFT)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- plasma calcium (total and corrected)
- alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
- thyroid function test (TFT)
- serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- vitamin D 25-OH
- serum testosterone 8.00 to 9.00 am
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), males
- fasting serum CrossLaps
- coeliac screen
- plasma electrophoresis
Clinical management advice
Conditions encompass idiopathic osteoporosis, corticosteroid-induced bone disease, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, along with other metabolic bone disorders. Please refer any cases of renal bone disease to nephrology specialists for appropriate management.
Uncomplicated postmenopausal osteoporosis with fracture should be able to be managed in primary care.
First-line management for osteoporosis includes:
- enhancing calcium and vitamin D levels for optimal bone health
- engaging in weight-bearing exercises to promote bone strength
- considering oestrogen or testosterone supplementation in cases of hypogonadism
- utilising fracture risk calculators to aid in determining the necessity for specific pharmacological interventions; typically reserved for instances with a high 10-year fracture risk (greater than 3% for hip fracture, and greater than 20% for any fracture).
- Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) or
- Garvan Fracture Risk Calculator to help guide the need for specific drug therapy.
If bone mineral density (BMD) Z-score is less than -2.0 it is advisable to investigate potential secondary causes of osteoporosis.
Please ensure that recent pathology results are available. Consider providing the patient with a repeat pathology form at the time of referral.
Patients who have previously received care from a specialist should be encouraged to return to their care for additional assessment if needed.
Referrals are subject to the evaluation of the triaging clinician. If you believe your patient necessitates specialist assessment but may not meet the provided criteria, feel free to connect with the specialist team to discuss your concerns.
Clinical resources
- Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX)
- Garvan of Medical Institute — Bone Fracture Risk Calculator
- National Library of Medicine - Calcium and bone health: position statement for the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society, Osteoporosis Australia and the Endocrine Society of Australia
- Therapeutic Guidelines - Osteoporosis And Minimal Trauma Fracture
- Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)
Consumer resources
Reason for request
- to establish a diagnosis
- for treatment or intervention
- for advice and management
- for specialist to take over management
- for a specified test/investigation the General Practitioner cannot order
- for other reason (e.g. rapidly accelerating disease progression)
- transfer of care from another tertiary service
- clinical judgement indicates a referral for specialist review is necessary.
Patient demographic details
- full name, including aliases
- date of birth
- residential and postal address
- telephone contact number/s – home, mobile and alternative
- Medicare number, where eligible
- name of the parent or caregiver, if appropriate
- preferred language and interpreter requirements
- identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Clinical modifiers
- impact on employment
- impact on education
- impact on home
- impact on activities of daily living
- impact on ability to care for others
- impact on personal frailty or safety
- identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Other relevant information
- Willingness to have surgery, where surgery is a likely intervention.
- Choice to be treated as a public or private patient.
- Compensable status, e.g. DVA, Work Cover, Motor Vehicle Insurance, etc.
- Relevant social history, including identifying if you feel your patient is from a vulnerable population, under guardianship/out-of-home care arrangements and/or requires a third party to receive correspondence on their behalf.
- Triage of a specialist outpatient referral is based on clinical decision making to allocate an appropriate urgency categorisation.
- Where appropriate and where available, the referral may be streamed to an associated public allied health and/or nursing service. Access to some specific services may include initial assessment and management by associated public allied health and/or nursing, which may either facilitate or negate the need to see the public medical specialist.
- A change in patient circumstance (such as condition deteriorating or pregnancy) may affect the urgency categorisation and should be communicated as soon as possible.
- All new referrals will be triaged by a consultant and appointment times scheduled according to clinical urgency.